Firm Characteristics, Corporate Governance and Capital Structure Adjustments: A Comparative Study of Listed Firms in Srilanka and India
Understanding capital structure dynamics is crucial to make corporate financing decisions. Extant academic literature does not provide a comprehensive analysis of capital structure dynamics, especially in the context of emerging market economies. This study endeavours to fill the gap by identifying and comparing the determinants of speed of adjustment towards the optimum capital structure between listed firms in Sri Lanka and India. Specifically, this study analyses the impact of firm-specific characteristics as well as corporate governance factors on the speed of adjustment to the optimum debt ratio. The sample comprises a panel of 90 listed firms in each country, i.e., on the Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) of Sri Lanka and on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) of India, over a period of 10 years ranging from 2003/04 to 2012/13. Consistent with more recent as well as prior studies, at the initial step in this study, the optimal leverage is calculated by estimating panel regressions based proxies of the true debt ratio on the aforementioned firm level variables. Subsequently, Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) System technique is used to examine the capital structure dynamic adjustments. Firm specific capital structure determinants are found to be significantly similar in both countries, revealing similar effects on leverage. Further, this study reveals similarities between firms in both countries on adjustment towards their optimum/ target capital structures over time as postulated by the dynamic considerations of the trade-off theory. However, for Indian firms (nearly 26%), the speed of adjustment is estimated to be lower than that of Sri Lankan firms (nearly 45%). Moreover, we found that the factors affecting the benefits and costs of adjustments to optimum leverage, at both firm level and corporate governance, vary between Sri Lankan and Indian firms.